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<title>Linked data</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linked data</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Linked_data_structure" title="Linked data structure">Linked data structure</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>linked data</b> is <a href="Structured_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured data">structured data</a> which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through <a href="Semantic_query" title="Semantic query">semantic queries</a>.

<a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, director of the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the <a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Part of the vision of linked data is for the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to become a global <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Linked data builds upon standard <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> technologies such as <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and <a href="Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">URIs</a>, but rather than using them to serve <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> and <a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (<a href="Machine_readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine readable">machine readable</a>).

Linked data may also be <a href="Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, in which case it is usually described as <i>Linked Open Data</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2></div>

<p>In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, <a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines:<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li><a href="Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifiers</a> (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things.</li>

<li><a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced".</li>

<li>Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>, <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, etc.</li>

<li>When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names.</li></ol>

<p>Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009 <a href="TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED conference</a>, again paraphrased along the following lines:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>All conceptual things should have a name starting with <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>.</li>

<li>Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format.</li>

<li>Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it:

</p>

<li><a href="Structured_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured data">Structured data</a> using <a href="Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a> terms and dataset definitions expressed in <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> <a href="Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a> formats such as <a href="RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a>, <a href="RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a>, <a href="Notation_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Notation 3">N3</a>, <a href="Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a>, or <a href="JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_Data_Platform" title="Linked Data Platform">Linked Data Platform</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linked_open_data">Linked open data</h2></div>

<p><b>Linked open data</b> are linked data that are <a href="Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data.

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Tim Berners-Lee, Linked Data<sup id="cite_ref-DesignIssues_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesignIssues-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>Large linked open data sets include <a href="DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, <a href="Wikibase" title="Wikibase">Wikibase</a>, <a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> and Open ICEcat.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5-star_linked_open_data">5-star linked open data</h3></div>

<p>In 2010, <a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>1 star: data is openly available in some format.</li>

<li>2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as <a href="Microsoft_Excel_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Excel file format">Microsoft Excel file format</a> (.xls).</li>

<li>3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as <a href="Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">Comma-separated values</a> (.csv).</li>

<li>4 stars: data follows <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> standards, like using <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and employing <a href="Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a>.</li>

<li>5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mailing list was initially hosted by the <a href="SIMILE" title="SIMILE">SIMILE</a> project<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_Open_Data_community_project">Linking Open Data community project</h3></div>

<p>The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a <a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">data commons</a> by publishing various <a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open</a> <a href="Dataset" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataset">datasets</a> as RDF on the Web and by setting <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> links between data items from different data sources. In October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF <a href="Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a>, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_projects">European Union projects</h3></div>

<p>There are a number of <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PlanetData project,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data linking is one of the main goals of the <a href="EU_Open_Data_Portal" title="EU Open Data Portal">EU Open Data Portal</a>, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontologies">Ontologies</h3></div>

<p><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontologies</a> are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are:

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<ul><li><a href="FOAF_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (ontology)">FOAF</a> – an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships</li>

<li><a href="UMBEL" title="UMBEL">UMBEL</a> – a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from <a href="OpenCyc" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCyc">OpenCyc</a>, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and <a href="YAGO_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAGO (ontology)">YAGO</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datasets">Datasets</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a> – a dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion <a href="Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a>, including abstracts in 11 different languages</li>

<li><a href="GeoNames" title="GeoNames">GeoNames</a> – provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide</li>

<li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> – a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its <a href="Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sibling projects</li>

<li><a href="Global_Research_Identifier_Database" title="Global Research Identifier Database">Global Research Identifier Database</a> (<i>GRID</i>) – an international database of 89,506 institutions engaged in academic research, with 14,401 relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations<sup id="cite_ref-gridStats_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridStats-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gridPol_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gridPol-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>KnowWhereGraph<sup id="cite_ref-kwg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an integrated 12 billion triples strong <a href="Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graph</a> of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-kwgaimag_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwgaimag-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Open ICEcat - a <a href="Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> open catalogue containing product <a href="Datasheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Datasheets">datasheets</a>, related <a href="Digital_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital assets">digital assets</a> and usage <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dataset_instance_and_class_relationships">Dataset instance and class relationships</h3></div>

<p>Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="American_Art_Collaborative" title="American Art Collaborative">American Art Collaborative</a> - consortium of US art museums committed to establishing a critical mass of linked open data on American art</li>

<li><a href="Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a> – about <i>controlled headings</i> in library catalogs</li>

<li><a href="Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Citation analysis</a> – for citations between scholarly articles</li>

<li><a href="Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_model" title="Network model">Network model</a> – an older type of database management system</li>

<li><a href="Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li>

<li><a href="VoID" title="VoID">VoID</a> – Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets</li>

<li><a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Ahmet Soylu, Felix Mödritscher, and Patrick De Causmaecker. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmetsoylu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/soylu_ICAE2012.pdf">"Ubiquitous Web Navigation through Harvesting Embedded Semantic Data: A Mobile Scenario."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919092519/http://www.ahmetsoylu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/soylu_ICAE2012.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 19 (1): 93–109.</li>

<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkeddatabook.com/book">Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space</a></i> (2011) by Tom Heath and Christian Bizer, Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, Morgan & Claypool</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/">How to Publish Linked Data on the Web</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093458/http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/">Archived</a> 2021-04-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Chris Bizer, Richard Cyganiak and Tom Heath, Linked Data Tutorial at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 27 July 2007.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=berners-lee-linked-data">The Web Turns 20: Linked Data Gives People Power</a>, part 1 of 4, by Mark Fischetti, <i><a href="Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> 2010 October 23</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809091450/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/publications/linkedai2010_submission_13.pdf">Linked Data Is Merely More Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Peter Z. Yeh, Kunal Verma, and Amit P. Sheth. In: Dan Brickley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Harry Halpin, and Deborah McGuinness: <i>Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence</i>. Technical Report SS-10-07, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2010, pp. 82–86.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135146/http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1718">Moving beyond sameAs with PLATO: Partonomy detection for Linked Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh, Amit Sheth. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Hypertext and Social Media conference (HT 2012), Milwaukee, WI, USA, June 25–28, 2012.</li>

<li>Freitas, André, Edward Curry, João Gabriel Oliveira, and Sean O’Riain. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardcurry.org/publications/freitas_IC_12.pdf">"Querying Heterogeneous Datasets on the Linked Data Web: Challenges, Approaches, and Trends."</a> IEEE Internet Computing 16 (1): 24–33.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626121000/http://sites.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/suhl/bizer/pub/LinkingOpenData.pdf">Interlinking Open Data on the Web</a> – Chris Bizer, Tom Heath, Danny Ayers, Yves Raimond. In Proceedings Poster Track, ESWC2007, Innsbruck, Austria</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135332/http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/publications/iswc10_paper218.pdf">Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data</a> – Prateek Jain, <a href="Pascal_Hitzler" title="Pascal Hitzler">Pascal Hitzler</a>, Amit Sheth, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh. In proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121711/">Linked open drug data for pharmaceutical research and development</a> - J Cheminform. 2011; 3: 19. Samwald, Jentzsch, Bouton, Kallesøe, Willighagen, Hajagos, Marshall, Prud'hommeaux, Hassenzadeh, Pichler, and Stephens (May 2011)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.community-of-knowledge.de/beitrag/the-hype-the-hope-and-the-lod2-soeren-auer-engaged-in-the-next-generation-lod/">Interview with Sören Auer, head of the LOD2 project about the continuation of LOD2 in 2011</a>, June 2011</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semantic-web.at/LOD-TheEssentials.pdf">Linked Open Data: The Essentials</a> - Florian Bauer and Martin Kaltenböck (January 2012)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110000748/http://semanticweb.com/the-flap-of-a-butterfly-wing_b26808">The Flap of a Butterfly Wing</a> - semanticweb.com Richard Wallis (February 2012)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/wiki/LinkedData">LinkedData</a> at the W3C Wiki</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106144712/http://linkeddata.org/">LinkedData.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722075239/http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/white-papers/">OpenLink Software white papers</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Semantic_Web71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li>

<li><a href="Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><small><a href="Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a></li>

<li><a href="GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li>

<li><a href="Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li>

<li><a href="Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li>

<li><a href="SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li>

<li><a href="Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BIBFRAME" title="BIBFRAME">BIBFRAME</a></li>

<li><a href="Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li>

<li><a href="HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li>

<li><a href="HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li>

<li><a href="HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li>

<li><a href="HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li>

<li><a href="HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Open_data263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Open_data263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Open science data</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Open-notebook science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Americas

<ul><li><a href="Open_data_in_Canada" title="Open data in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li>Asia

<li>Europe

<ul><li><a href="Open_data_in_France" title="Open data in France">France</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open data projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_energy_system_databases" title="Open energy system databases">Open energy system databases</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> - <a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> - <a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> - <a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a> - <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a> - <a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> - <a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> - <a href="Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open source</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1896555">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2013002090">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="propojená data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph827253&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5412324">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000201657&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007572827405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/4b053d20-b995-4b5b-945c-8d4d15898819">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Linked_data&oldid=1304539729">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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